Capital Punishment Essays (758 words) - Penology, Criminology

Capital Punishment By Huy Luong The Debate over the merits of capital punishment has endured for years, and continues to be an extremely indecisive and complicated issue. Adversaries of capital punishment point to the Marshalls and the Millgards, while proponents point to the Dahmers and Gacys. Society must be kept safe from the monstrous barbaric acts of these individuals and other killers, by taking away their lives to function and perform in our society. At the same time, we must insure that innocent people such as Marshall and Millgard are never convicted or sentenced to death for a crime that they did not commit. Many contend that the use of capital punishment as a form of deterrence does not work, as there are no fewer murders on a per- capita basis in countries or states that do have it, then those that do not. In order for capital punishment to work as a deterrence, certain events must be present in the criminal's mind prior to committing the offence. The criminal must be aware that others have been punished in the past for the offence that he or she is planning, and that what happened to another individual who committed this offence, can also happen to me. But individuals who commit any types of crime ranging from auto theft to 1st-Degree Murder, never take into account the consequences of their actions. Deterrence to crime, is rooted in the individuals themselves. Every human has a personal set of conduct. How much they will and will not tolerate. How far they will and will not go. This personal set of conduct can be made or be broken by friends, influences, family, home, life, etc. An individual who is never taught some sort of restraint as a child, will probably never understand any limit as to what they can do, until they have learned it themselves. Therefore, capital punishment will never truly work as a deterrent, because of human nature to ignore practised advice and to self learn. There are those who claim that capital punishment is in itself a form of vengeance on the killer. But isn't locking up a human being behind steel bars for many years, vengeance itself? And is it "humane" that an individual who took the life of another, should receive heating, clothing, indoor plumbing, 3 meals a day, while a homeless person who has harmed no one receives nothing? Adversaries of capital punishment claim that it is far more humane then having the state take away the life of the individual. In February 1963, Gary McCorkell, a 19 year old sex offender, was scheduled to hang. But just days before his execution, the then Liberal cabinet of Lester Person commuted McCorkell to life in prison. Less than 20 years later, McCorkell was arrested, tried, and convicted for the kidnapping and rape of a 10-year old Tenessee boy. He was sentanced to 63 years in prison. Prior to leaving Canada, he was sought by Metro Police in the attempted murder of an 11-year old boy. What has been gained by this? Had McCorkell been executed in 1963, two boys would never have had to have gone through the horror of being sexually abused. These individuals may themselves become sex offenders, as many sex offenders were sexually abused as children. McCorkell may have been a victim of sexually assualt in the past, but that does not justify what he did. He did not do this once, he killed two boys, and assaulted two others, leaving one for dead. He knew exactly what he was doing. What right does this man have to live? He has ruined the lives of 4 children, what will he do in life that will compensate for that? What kind of a life would the state have been taking away in this case? An innocent life? A forgiving life? No, a life that was beyond the realm of reform, and did not care to be. We must be careful. We must be very careful to never, even when suspicion may cause considerable doubt, send an innocent person to be executed. It could have happened to David Millgard, it could have happened to Donald Marshall. It probably has

Careers in Therapy - Beyond the Clinical Psychology PhD

Careers in Therapy - Beyond the Clinical Psychology PhD Many undergraduate psychology majors at least briefly consider careers as therapists, often citing their desire to work with people and help others. Television and other forms of media most commonly portray clinical psychologists as therapists. Therefore many aspiring therapists wonder whether a doctoral degree in clinical psychology is for them. Perhaps but there are there are several masters degrees that offer the opportunity to work with others and conduct therapy. Here are a few. PhD in Clinical Psychology and Counseling PsychologyThe PhD is the most common doctoral degree among psychologists. The label psychologist is a protected term. A doctoral degree in psychology is required to call oneself a psychologist. Clinical and counseling psychology are the two traditional areas of practice in psychology. Clinical psychology studies pathology and disease whereas counseling psychology emphasize normative processes and aiding in adjustment issues. PhD programs in clinical and counseling psychology fall into two basic training models. The scientist model trains graduates to be research scientists and have careers in academic and research settings. Graduate programs that adopt the scientist practitioner model train students in both science and practice. Students learn how to design and conduct research, but they also learn how to apply research findings and practice as psychologists. Graduates obtain careers in academia and practice, including colleges, hospitals, mental health settings, and private practice. PhD degrees in clinical psychology and counseling psychology require a dissertation in addition to practice hours and an internship. Additional practice hours and licensure is required to practice. Clinical and counseling PhD programs are among the most competitive graduate programs in all fields for both admission and for internship sites. A PhD in clinical or counseling psychology, however, is not the only path to a career as a therapist. If your desire is to practice and have no intention of conducting research, you might consider a PsyD degree instead of a PhD. Alternative: PsyD in Clinical or Counseling PsychologyThe PsyD is a doctoral degree, developed in the early 1970s. As a doctoral degree, the PsyD permits graduates to use the title of psychologist. In contrast to the scientist and scientist practitioner models of PhD programs, the PsyD is a professional doctoral degree that trains students for clinical practice. Students learn how to understand and apply scholarly findings to practice. They are trained to be consumers of research. Graduates work in practice settings in hospitals, mental health facilities, and private practice. Given that PsyD students are not trained to conduct research, their dissertations tend to consist of lengthy literature reviews and to be applied in nature. Usually this requires less time than completing a PhD. PsyD students complete pre and post degree mandatory practice hours and are eligible for licensure. Generally speaking, PsyD degrees are more expensive than PhD degrees. Graduates generally have a significant amount of debt. There are other degree alternatives that permit entry to a career as a therapist that are less time consuming and expensive. Masters Degree in Counseling (MA)A masters degree in a counseling field, such as community counseling or mental health counseling, entails completing both academic and practice requirements. students complete 2 years (on average) of academic coursework including theories of therapy, assessment and diagnosis, and therapeutic techniques. In addition students complete supervised practice hours as part of their degree. After completing their degree they complete several hundred additional hours of supervised therapy in order to be eligible to seek certification to practice therapy independently. Every state has a different set of requirements for practice with regard to supervised hours and whether an exam is required Masters degree holders who are certified to practice may work in traditional therapeutic settings such as hospitals and mental health centers or may practice independently. Masters in Family Therapy (MFT)Similar to the MA in counseling, the masters in family therapy consists of about 2 years of academic coursework and practice. MFT students specialize in marital therapy, child therapy, and strengthening the family. After graduation they seek additional supervised practice hours and licensure as a marriage and family therapist with the ability to practice independently Masters in Social Work (MSW) Like the MA in counseling and the MFT, the master of social work degree is a 2-3 year degree that includes both academic and practice requirements. MSW students are trained in assessment, therapeutic techniques, and assisting families functioning. After completing a specified number of supervised practice graduates can seek certification to practice social work independently. As you can see there are several opportunities for students whoa re interested in careers as therapists. If you are considering such a career, do your homework and learn about each of these degrees to determine what is right for you.

Dynamic and control subjest Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Dynamic and control subjest - Assignment Example 'Controller' controls the system behaviour by providing the necessary excitation. 'Setpoint' is the desired result. 'Output' is the actual result. PID controller may be written in the equation form as: = + + (1) In this equation, all the symbols have the meanings explained earlier. Coming to the explanation in common words, with reference to Figure 1, we want the output Y of a process to be equal to or as close to the setpoint R as possible. Since the real systems are not ideal systems, usually some kind of control system is required to achieve this objective. In a PID controller, the output Y is compared with the setpoint R, the error e is calculated to be equal to R minus Y. Then the controller (a PID controller in this case) calculates u(t) from equation (1). This u(t) is an excitation signal to be passed to the 'process', with the objective of driving the 'output' Y as close to the 'setpoint' R as possible. For example, let us assume that we are required to control the temperatur e of the water coming out from a tap. Let us assume that we want the temperature of the water to be around 50 degree centigrade always. But let us assume that water is supplied to this tap by two separate water feeds. Let us assume that one of the water feed is always at around 30?C (cold water feed). Also, let us assume that the other water feed is always at around 70?C (hot water feed). We can see that to get the water from the tap at 50?C, we need to mix around 50% water from the hot water feed with the remaining 50% water from the cold water feed. This can be achieved by making the valve corresponding to the hot water feed 50% open (i.e., 50% closed) and at the same time, making the valve corresponding to the cold water feed 50% open (i.e., 50% closed). But, in a real system like this, one comes across several uncertainties like the temperature losses during the flow in the pipes due to radiation etc., which cannot be determined for certain since in this case, the radiation depe nds on the atmospheric temperature (or room temperature) also. Hence, when the valve corresponding to the hot water feed is 50% open and at the same time when the valve corresponding to the cold water feed is 50% open, the temperature of the water coming out from the tap may not be exactly equal to 50%. Let us assume that this temperature is 45?C. Now, in this problem, the setpoint R is 50?C while the output Y is 45?C. Now, according to Figure 1, R-Y= 5 ?C is calculated. This is the error e which is an input to the controller. Then the controller calculates 'u(t)' from Equation (1), this u(t) is in fact a signal which controls the valves. In this case, u(t) would instruct the valve corresponding to the hot water feed to open more than 50% (exact percentage would be known from u(t)). Opening the valve corresponding to the hot water feed x% would automatically mean opening the valve corresponding to the cold water feed (100-x)%. This ensures that the flow from the hot water feed is mo re than the flow from the cold water feed, which in turn forces the temperature of the water coming from the tap to go to 50?C. This way, the controller strives to make the temperature of the water coming out from the tap to be 50?C, and for a proper selection of the values for Kp, Ki and Kd, the controller usually performs its task satisfactorily. If the temperature of the tap water goes to 55?C for example, the error would

To what extent can employers terminate employment on the grounds of Essay

To what extent can employers terminate employment on the grounds of poor performance - Essay Example This gives an idea about the basic rights which the employees have to be careful about, even if dismissed due to poor performance. This mentions the problems created for the employers when they find it hard to terminate the employees, despite their poor performance because of the high dismissal costs and other compensatory remedies they may be asked by the Tribunals to pay. This explains the topic of employment termination in relation to the employment tribunals and explains the different types of claims which are frequently brought in the Tribunals. This also details the important elements which should be scrutinized before settling the claims. This essay is a discussion about a gravely sensitive issue i.e. employment termination in UK on the grounds of poor performance. The discussion is mainly emphasized on how employers, employees and tribunals separately should deal with this issue. First part is about the various conditions and legal formalities enforced by laws which have to be scrutinized by the employers before finalizing employment termination. Second part reflects how employees can use different rights for unfair dismissal once they are handed over termination notices and the consequences faced by the terminated poor performers. Third part of the essay reveals necessary things to be considered by the Tribunals when they have to deal with the cases of employment termination and ensure fair dismissal. Poor or immature performance is an issue that particularly infuriates employers because this is something directly related to the reputation of an organization and which drastically reduced the overall productivity. But regardless of the threats imposed by poor performance, should the display of such unprofessionalism always resolutely lead to termination of employment straight-off? This is a question which should always be considered before making a decision against an employee, since this

Polar ice and climate change Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Polar ice and climate change - Research Paper Example This is especially so with the ever increasing rate of melting attributed to the environmental degradation. For years, scientists have had their eyes set on the world’s ice shields hoping to monitor changes with the advancements in technological systems. Global temperatures indicated a downward trend in the period from 1940 to 1970, but increased gradually in 1980s. This phenomenon can be attributed to the increase of the amount of sunlight that hits the snow and ice in these regions. As such, various reports have illustrated an accelerated rate of melting raising the sea levels at an alarming state. For instance, a survey done every September to ascertain the area covered by sea ice demonstrates an average decrease at a rate of 8.6% between the years of 1979 and 2007 (Thompson and Kuo, 2012).However, there was a significant loss of sea-ice placed at 24% in the 2007 alone. Various scientists have voiced concerns based on these and current findings that corroborate the eminent danger of melting ice caps and rising sea levels. Extrapolations of existing data suggest that thermal expansion and ice sheet changes will dominate the processes affecting the sea level (Ward, 2003). Similarly, areas that are marginally glaciated are most likely to be ice-free, which will eventually lead to the disappearance of the Polar Regions. ... This is because these gases increase temperature of the atmosphere near the earth and its troposphere; resulting in corresponding changes in climatic conditions. Fundamentally, the dangers associated with global warming are erratic changes in the weather, which are experienced in extremity, causing persistent natural disasters and extinction of species. In essence, the continual warming trend has been broken down to climatic change, which refers to the measurable effects of global warming. These measurable effects refer to shifts in major aspects of the climate that is, rainfall, temperature, snow, and wind patterns. With this differentiation, global warming is identified as a long-term reference of the effects of these shifts in climatic conditions. Notably also, ocean currents are included as an aspect that facilitates the continual warming trend. Currently, environmental degradation is an issue that requires immediate action because of the escalating rate at which it has been occu rring, making it hard for the ecosystem to convalesce. Pollution is considered as the major cause of ozone layer depletion owing to the release of chlorofluorocarbons that rise into the troposphere causing its depletion (Fahey and Hegglin, 2010). Industrial processes and automobiles are responsible for the release and as such, governments have been asked to tax the companies for the emissions. In addition, the destruction of tropical rainforests by logging industries has resulted in destruction of natural habitats of plants and animals, which increases the level of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. The destruction of habitats interferes with photosynthetic organisms that are responsible for carbon-fixing cycle, which seeks to relieve the greenhouse effect. In

What Does The Internet Mean For Traditional Tv Media Essay

What Does The Internet Mean For Traditional Tv Media Essay As we know, the internet is becoming a new frontier for television. With different online services like Netflix, Hulu, and YouTube, people have changed their total viewing experience being able to use various devices to stream their desired content almost anywhere. With both on-demand and live viewing available on the internet, people have been trading the cable cord for an Ethernet cord in order to watch what they want, when they want. Television has been a huge part of our culture since it was created. The inevitable question that must be asked here is: what does all of this mean for the traditional television? According to Nielsen, in the United States, 143 million people watched TV on the internet in 2011. As we can see this is an exponential rate given that the technology is extremely young. While most Americans would assume that more people would be watching more television on the internet than they would traditionally, data from consumer reports are proving us all wrong. With Americans spending an average of 32 hours and 47 minutes per week watching content on a traditional TV, three hours and 58 minutes each week watching via the Internet on a computer, and just seven minutes a week on a mobile device, we can see that Television is far from being relinquished. With 290 million people and 114.7 million households in the U.S. owning at least one TV, we know that they are certainly not being put to waste. As of right now, the television set is still the primary method of consuming programming. Although the television is still being used more commonly, we are beginning to see a strong shift towards internet services that stream media. We should not look at the internet as an enemy to television, but as more of a companion as it is aiding watchers in a richer programming e xperience. Arrested Development Article Summary #2 Source: http://www.nytimes.com/2011/11/21/arts/television/netflix-to-back-arrested-development.html?_r=1 After being cancelled in 2006, Fox sitcom Arrested Development gained a cult following. Despite critical acclaim and multiple awards, the show was cancelled due to lackluster viewing numbers after three seasons. Now due to popular demand, the show is being resurrected on Netflix. The new episodes will go straight into the instant viewing queue, never being aired by a network on television. Streaming episodes of Arrested Development have been available on Netflix for some time, and their popularity led to the show being brought back into production. This is a huge, revolutionary moment for television. A show is being produced specifically for a non-television medium. The possibilities for this type of business venture are endless. Down the road, more and more shows could begin to follow in the footsteps of Arrested. There would be no more worrying about getting to the TV by 8:00 so you dont miss the show and no more waiting seven days for a new episode of your favorite show to see whats going to happen next. Then there is the possibility of this type of movement gaining traction and snowballing; that is to say that if tons of shows started doing this, what shows would be left for actual TV? It would take a long time for a medium like television to die completely, but something so convenient and on-demand could catch on quickly. One drawback to this type of programming is that will only be accessible on a TV to those with an Xbox or Playstation 3, but anyone with a laptop (which is everyone in this day and age) could stream episo des as well. NEW WAYS TO WATCH TV Video Clip and Summary Clip: http://www.kimatv.com/news/consumer/167124325.html?tab=videoc=y People today are now watching media in new ways at their own leisure and convenience. The media clip chosen discusses the potential internet TV applications have over basic network television or having to go a local store to rent movies. It begins by stating that, millions of people are streaming video from the Internet directly to their TVs, computers, or tablets (Slauson, n.pag). The video provides an example of a woman who normally used to prefer renting movies from a local store. In an interview she discusses the hassle of having to go back and forth to the local store as well as being charged late fees and concludes that internet TV application Netflix has simplified her life tremendously. In a recent poll of Consumer Reports online, Netflix has been stated to be by far the most-used video-streaming application, with more than 80 percent of those who streamed video having used Netflix (Slauson, n.pag). The video went on to discuss other applications such as Vudu, Itunes, and Ama zon Instant video that were chosen to be best services when looking for a great selection of movies. For free content, Hulu.com was the winner, allowing the user to stream TV shows as well as movies free on a computer. In order to watch this service on a TV or a tablet the user would need a Hulu Plus subscription, which is relatively cheap and cost about $8 a month-the same as Netflix (Slauson, n.pag). Consumer Reports also found that many users still preferred renting discs in which case Netflix again one of the best for selection.Various video streaming devices were also discussed for those who do not have internet capabilities on their TVs. Consumer reports found that some gaming systems as well as a lot of new Blu-ray players are great devices which have a lot of the internet TV applications built in. If you dont have one of those, Consumer Reports says a set-top box such as an Apple TV or a Roku Two are good choices. They work with just about any LCD or plasma TV and go for abo ut $100 (Slauson, n.pag). Overall, as one can see Internet TV applications are the new generation of viewing television or media in general. It allows the user total control over what they wish to watch, and how and when they wish to watch it. Questions! Has anyone ever completely watched an entire series on netflix? Would anyone consider not watching a show if new episodes were not available to stream online? 3. Would you watch television shows on your laptop exclusively, or does the size/definition of your screen matter too much? 4. Does the resurrection of Arrested Development mean that viewers now hold more power than ever? 5. Do you find that you watch more TV (including movies and clips) through applications such as Netflix, Hulu, etc? If yes, how often? 6. What devices do you usually view this content on? 7. Do you think it would be worth turning off cable and subscribing to these services?

Refuge Camps :: essays research papers

â€Å"Refuge Camps†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There is a foreboding and ongoing crisis facing several third world countries today. This crisis is the rising amount of famine and health ailments that affect hundreds of thousands of individuals that face malnutrition, poverty, and several other serious problems that you will find in developing countries. Countless diseases plague today’s world and the people who are most vulnerable to these diseases are also the ones that need the most help. Despite the lack of funds and limited aid available to these people, there is hope. A group by the name of Doctors Without Borders is a non-profit organization that provides free health care in Refugee camps to the great amount of need and helpless individuals that populate our world. Doctors Without Borders (DWB) is comprised of fully qualified and credentialed medical doctors from around the world. They travel internationally educating broad audiences by offering seminars and lectures based on their goal and purpose. The organization is also composed of 2,000 volunteers who are enrolled and sent out annually throughout the world. The organization's main goal is to aid the several million refugees that reside in numerous developing countries. These refugees flee from their countries due to natural disasters, extreme poverty and persecution that infects their home countries. DWB helps these individuals by setting up camps and shelters where they can seek refuge. The camps that DWB setup provide everything needed for survival. They provide clean water and healthy food for all the refugees. Since water and food is limited at the camps, refugees are only provided with minimal supplies for survival. There is a medical station, where they provide all the necessary vaccines and treatments for most illnesses and diseases. The refugees are given identification cards, which they need to show in order to get food and water. The camps are well organized and all the members work together to provide an adequate living environment These are many dangerous diseases that infect third world countries and Refugee camps. Two of these are cholera and malaria. Cholera is a very dangerous disease that affects a lot of the refugees. Cholera is very contagious and about 50% of people infected with the bacteria die. In underdeveloped countries like Africa, diseases are everywhere. Most cholera deaths occur due to poor sanitation. In one incident, in Rwanda, there was an estimated 1000 deaths per day caused by cholera. If caught in time it can be cured.